What is cutting tool geometry?

Cutting tool geometry refers to the shape, angles, and other features of a cutting tool that are designed to optimize its performance in a specific cutting operation. The geometry of a cutting tool can have a significant impact on the cutting forces, cutting speed, surface finish, and tool life.

Some of the key elements of cutting tool geometry include:

Cutting edge: The cutting edge is the portion of the tool that comes into contact with the workpiece. It must be sharp and strong enough to withstand the cutting forces and maintain its shape.

Rake angle: The rake angle is the angle between the cutting edge and a line perpendicular to the workpiece surface. A positive rake angle (where the cutting edge is angled towards the direction of the cutting force) can reduce cutting forces and improve chip evacuation, while a negative rake angle can increase tool life and improve surface finish.

Relief angle: The relief angle is the angle between the flank of the tool and a line perpendicular to the workpiece surface. It allows the tool to clear the workpiece and prevent rubbing, which can cause heat buildup and reduce tool life.

Helix angle: The helix angle is the angle between the cutting edge and a plane perpendicular to the tool axis. It determines the direction of the cutting forces and can influence chip evacuation and surface finish.

Tool nose radius: The tool nose radius is the radius of the cutting edge at the point where it meets the workpiece. It can affect the surface finish and tool life, with a larger radius generally leading to a better finish and longer tool life.

By optimizing the geometry of cutting tools for specific cutting operations, manufacturers can improve cutting performance, reduce tool wear and breakage, and increase productivity.